By: Omar Shaban.<\/p>\n
In early April 2012, Hamas held elections for its party structure from top to bottom. The elections started in Gaza, where \u2014 unlike in the other three areas: the West Bank, the Israeli jails and abroad \u2014 Hamas can freely move and communicate. Hamas\u2019s leadership comes from these four areas. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the security measures against Hamas activists in jail hampered the elections in those areas. The elections abroad were delayed because, after Hamas left Damascus, the movement\u2019s leaders became dispersed between Egypt, Jordan and the Gulf.<\/p>\n
Israel\u2019s war on Gaza last November caused an additional delay. But Hamas has demonstrated that it can work in more difficult conditions and it was able to complete the elections in six months. Only the post for the head of the political bureau remains to be filled, and that is expected to happen in the next few days. The delay was not for logistical reasons, as is the case in other areas. The delay was for more important reasons. It was because of political and strategic reasons having to do with where Hamas is heading in the new Middle East after the Arab Spring and its critical junctures.<\/p>\n
The evidence suggests that Khaled Meshaal is the one most likely to win that post, which would be for the third time. That is an exceptional departure from Hamas\u2019s rules, which set a maximum of two consecutive terms for the job. Hamas granting that exception to Meshaal adds special significance to the post and to the one who occupies it. It also points to the nature and challenges of the next stage, which requires Hamas to behave differently than in the past. In the past period, there has been a lot of speculation that the post may go to Meshaal\u2019s deputy in the political bureau, Moussa Abu Marzouk, or the prime minister of the Hamas government in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh. The delay in resolving that issue reflects the serious disagreements over it and the challenges that the Hamas movement faces in the next phase.<\/p>\n
Several questions are raised: Why did Meshaal reverse his decision to not vie for the post, as he had repeatedly said? What were his conditions for agreeing to run a third time? What are the factors that necessitated Meshaal\u2019s return to the presidency of the political bureau? What role, if any, did the regional powers play in the nominating process?<\/p>\n
\nA new reality that requires a new approach<\/p>\n
Since it was founded 25 years ago, Hamas strived to hold its elections on time despite its secretive working conditions. The core criteria for electoral success inside Hamas were organizational matters, military action and matters that boost the organization\u2019s popularity within the Palestinian territories. But the recent elections, which began in April 2012 and are expected to be completed soon, have focused on issues that are more important than structural or military matters; they are political issues. The strategic changes can be summarized as follows:<\/p>\n
1. The Arab Spring, which has brought fundamental geopolitical changes to the Middle East, especially with regard to the balance of power between the two main camps: The resistance (mumana\u2019a) camp, which includes Syria, Iran and Hezbollah; and the moderate camp, which includes Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan and Qatar.<\/p>\n
2. The Islamist surge, in the form of the Muslim Brotherhood reaching power in Arab countries, notably Egypt and Tunisia. That was an important break in the Arab boycott that Hamas was facing.<\/p>\n
3. The repositioning of the movement after it left Damascus, which hosted Hamas\u2019s leadership and provided the movement with ample freedom of movement and an appropriate setting for its political and revolutionary discourse.<\/p>\n
4. Hamas\u2019s moderate positions toward the two-state solution, negotiations with Israel, and the reconciliation with Mahmoud Abbas\u2019s Palestinian Authority. Hamas has repeatedly announced that it accepts the two-state solution and Meshaal said that negotiating with Israel is not haram (forbidden) in principle.<\/p>\n
5. The lax Western attitude toward opening direct and indirect dialogue channels with Hamas.<\/p>\n
Hamas\u2019s attempt to move away from the Syria\/Iran axis and its search for new allies leave it with no choice but to radically change its policies to become more in line with the new Middle East.<\/p>\n
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The balance of power within Hamas<\/p>\n
Even though Hamas tries hard to deny any internal conflict, as any organization does, it was unable to hide it during the elections. The reconciliation with the Palestinian Authority was one of the issues over which a dispute erupted. The reconciliation process passed through many stages and was assisted by mostly Egyptian efforts. It ended with the Doha Agreement in February 2012 when Meshaal agreed to Abbas’ becoming the head of a technocratic government, after reaching a deadlock in selecting an independent person for that post. That issue had delayed reaching a final agreement for a long time. That agreement was met with widespread opposition inside Hamas for two reasons. First, Abbas is not an independent person. He is the head of the PA and the head of Fatah. Second, Meshaal had not consulted Hamas\u2019s institutions before taking that decision.<\/p>\n
Because of that, Hamas\u2019s leaders in Gaza made public statements that criticized, sometimes harshly, Meshaal\u2019s decision. That made him feel that he had no mandate to lead the movement. So he declared several times that he was no longer interested in running for the political bureau for the third time. That opened the door for alternative candidates, especially Abu Marzouk, who is Meshaal\u2019s current deputy and Hamas\u2019s first president for two consecutive terms in the mid-1990s, and Haniyeh, the prime minister of the Hamas government in Gaza and who began to seriously consider vying for the post after Meshaal declared that he will not run and Hamas\u2019 landslide victory in the election in Gaza. It should be noted that Haniyeh modified his government at the beginning of September, when he appointed a vice president with full authority but retained the foreign ministry. Observers interpreted the move as confirmation of Haniyeh\u2019s desire to run for the presidency of the political bureau. Despite Haniyeh\u2019s remarkable popularity inside Hamas, especially in Gaza, being president of Hamas\u2019 political bureau requires him to be present outside of Gaza as well as to have extensive experience in Arab and international politics, things that Haniyeh lacks.<\/p>\n
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Leading Hamas is not a private affair<\/p>\n
Hamas’ winning the 2006 legislative elections, its ruling of the Gaza Strip ever since, the Israeli blockade, and the two Israeli wars on Gaza in 2008 and 2012 have made of Hamas an international movement with widespread support and great influence in regional politics.<\/p>\n
So the question of the presidency of Hamas\u2019s political bureau is not only an internal issue but also an issue of interest to regional powers, be they hostile to Hamas such as Europe and America, or friendly to it such as Turkey, Egypt \u2014 especially with Islamist parties ruling those two countries \u2014 and Qatar, which is striving to become a critical state in the Middle East. Qatar received Meshaal after he left Damascus.<\/p>\n
There is information that the head of the guidance office in Egypt asked Meshaal to stop saying that he does not intend to run a third time for the presidency of the political bureau. Also, the Egyptian president assured Meshaal that him taking that post is in the interest of Egyptian national security. Moreover, the historic trip to Gaza by the Emir of Qatar in September 2012 was aimed at persuading Haniyeh to not compete for the job and to remain prime minister in Gaza. In return, Qatar promised to pump a large amount of money, nearly $450 million, to enable Haniyeh\u2019s government to serve Gaza\u2019s residents. Also, Meshaal\u2019s historic visit to Gaza last December was aimed at solidifying his popularity in Gaza and showing that he is not only the leader of Hamas abroad, but that he also enjoys the support of Hamas in Gaza, which is critical for Hamas decision-making.<\/p>\n
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What does electing Meshaal mean?<\/p>\n
There is no doubt that re-electing Meshaal as head of the political bureau will have very significant repercussions, including:<\/p>\n
\u2014 Palestinian reconciliation. There is information that the reconciliation, which has not yet happened between Hamas and Fatah, did happen between Meshaal and Palestinian Authority President Abbas. That was reflected by the harmony and courtship between the two leaders and confirms that Meshaal will push more strongly for reconciliation.<\/p>\n
\u2014 Peace in the Middle East. On various occasions, including in an interview with CNN last November, Meshaal said that he accepts the two-state solution. During his historic visit to Gaza last December, he said that negotiating with Israel is not haram (forbidden) in principle. He seemed to be saying that nothing prevents Hamas from negotiating with Israel.<\/p>\n
\u2014 Integrating into the new political order. With the entry of Islamists into the politics from the wide door \u2014 with the Muslim Brotherhood ruling Egypt and Tunisia \u2014 Hamas cannot remain outside the flock. Meshaal spent most his life abroad and did not live through siege and occupation. Thus, he was able to significantly interact with international politics and understand its complexity and details. He realizes that Hamas\u2019s survival and influence requires great flexibility in dealing with international and regional politics.<\/p>\n
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